Thinking Fast and Slow

  Namaste Folks!! Which is the most complex machine on Earth and perhaps the universe? It is the three pounds of jelly-like material found within our skulls. The brain's phenomenal features are only possible because of the hundreds of billions of neurons that make it up , and, importantly, the connections between those neurons. A lot is known about the properties of individual neurons and simple neuronal networks, and the aspects of complex neuronal networks are beginning to be unraveled. Neurobiology is the study of the nervous system and how nerves affect behavior using a broad scope of scientific approaches. It seeks to understand how the nervous system functions, mature, and maintains itself; both in healthy individuals and in individuals with the brain, neurodevelopment, or psychiatric disorders, with a primary focus on the structure and development of the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and the spinal cord. Hence neuroscience research often focuses on how...

The research found that angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was the receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2. In the normal human lung, ACE2 is expressed on type I and II alveolar epithelial cells. Among them, 83% of the type II alveolar cells have ACE2 expression. Men had a higher ACE2 level in their alveolar cells than women. Asians have a higher level of ACE2 expression in their alveolar cells than the White and African American populations. The binding of SARS‐CoV‐2 on ACE2 causes an elevated expression of ACE2, which can lead to damages on alveolar cells. Damages to alveolar cells can, in turn, trigger a series of systemic reactions and even death. The research also confirmed that Asian males are more susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The receptor‐binding ability of SARS‐CoV‐2 is 10 to 20 times stronger than that of SARS‐CoV. Scientists found that 98% of the patients in their study had fevers, of which 78% had a temperature higher than 38°C. They reported that 76% of the patients had coughs,...

COVID-19 AND DIABETES As we all know how drastic effect has been caused by the novel coronavirus Today we are going to discuss about the about the COVID with the diabetes  the various factors such as follows:- Higher Risk? Symptoms? Extra Precautions? Dietary Changes? Go out for walk? Grocery Shopping? I hope by the end of this article you will come away with more information and practical knowledge Are diabetics more prone to COVID-19? In the present situation there no such clinical data which suggest higher risk of acquiring the disease obviously if there are elderly people who have got uncontrolled diabetes or other commodities the risk may be higher but otherwise in vast majority of stable young population with diabetes is unlikely to be at higher risk however its very pertinent  to point out that if a person with diabetes specially with those with uncontrolled sugar does acquire the disease, the course of the disease in them tends to be more ...

PROCHLORPERAZINE Prochlorperazine (PCZ) inhibits the internalization of receptors on the surface of the tumor cells, thereby increasing the ability of the anticancer antibodies to bind to the receptors and mount more effective immune responses. PCZ enhanced the ability of anticancer antibodies to reduce tumor growth in mice, by temporarily increasing the clustering of a receptor targeted by anticancer antibodies on the surface of tumor cells. Temporary treatment of cancer patients with PCZ similarly resulted in receptor clustering on tumor cells inside of patients. In addition to treating nausea and psychosis, PCZ is currently used in laboratory as inhibitor of endocytosis. The temporary inhibition of endocytosis via molecules such as PCZ has been proposed for numerous clinical applications, including control of viral infection, epilepsy and chronic kidney disease. When tumor samples from patients were analyzed with sqaumous cell carcinoma, they found that decrease in endocytosi...

World Cancer Day (4 Feb) World Cancer Day, organized by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) and celebrated each year on 4 February, is an opportunity to rally the international community to end the injustice of preventable suffering from cancer. As per WHO ( world health organization), This year theme, "I can, we can" acknowledges that everyone has the capacity to address the cancer burden. We can work together to reduce cancer risk factors. We can overcome barriers to early diagnosis, treatment and palliative care. We can work together to improve cancer control and achieve global targets to reduce premature mortality from cancer and NCDs. Cancer Prevention  Between 30-50% of all cancer cases are preventable. Prevention offers the most cost effective long term strategy for the control of cancer. National policies and programmes should be implemented to raise awareness, to reduce exposure to cancer risk factors and to ensure that people are provided...

The world health organization (WHO) says, 'Not enough is known about 2019 Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) to draw definitive conclusions about how it transmitted, clinical features of disease, or the extent to which it has spread. The source also remains unknown' The following information is based upon interim draft guidelines and is subject to change as and when newer recent information is received. According to WHO, a new type of coronavirus (2019 novel coronavirus, nCoV) has been identified in China on 7 January 2020. The cluster of patients with pneumonia-like-illness was initially reported on 31 December 2019. What is the nCoV? Coronavirus are the family of  respiratory viruses, named for the crown- like spikes on the surface. Coronaviruses can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The Novel coronavirus, nCoV is a new strain of coronavirus that has not been previously iden...

The mechanism behind how HIV can develop resistance to a widely prescribed group of drugs has been uncovered by new research, with the findings opening the door to the development of more effective treatments. Today a number of drugs are available which help to control HIV infection, including a group called integrase strand transfer inhibitors. There are four drugs within this family of medication: raltegravir , elvitegravir , dolutegravir , bictegravir . They all work by binding with one of HIV's key enzymes, called integrase, to stop it from inserting the virus genetic information into DNA of human cells. While initially highly effective, over time HIV can develop resistance to these drugs. The study discovered the mechanism HIV uses to develop resistance to this group of drugs. Although the drugs are normally very effective at binding and blocking integrase, over time, the virus can weaken this bond and thus enable its key enzyme to work again. The researchers uncovered ...

New Cancer Drug Approved A new class of cancer drug that can treat a wide range of tumors has been approved for use in Europe. Researchers across the world consider it revolutionary. This approval is a first of its kind, and the doctors termed it as 'exciting'. According to the doctors, tumour- agnostic drug are specific in its mode of action as it targets the genetic abnormality in contrast to conventional chemotherapy. The new cancer drug has the potential to remove side effects. Charlotte Stevenson, a two year old from Belfast. was one of the first patients to benefit from the new cancer drug which was approved. She was diagnosed from infantile fibrosarcoma. It is a cancer of the body's  connective tissue. She has been treated with larotrectinib as part of clinical trial. Infantile fibrosaecoma is caused due to genetic defect abnormality know as NTRK gene fusion. One part pf the DNA merge with another. This led to an alteration in the blueprint in h...

The Structure of DNA Do you recognize this molecule? This is DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid. By the end of this blog, you will be able to identify the key structural features of DNA, as well as describe the importance of those features for function. We will look at different representations of the DNA molecule to better view certain details, but all views represent this same structure. Inside the cell, you will most commonly find double- stranded DNA, in which two strands intertwine to form a double helix. The most common form of the DNA double helix, which is what we will discuss here, is also called B-form DNA. Now, let's move to a more simplified representation of DNA to discuss the details. We can unwind the double helix like this so that we can see the chemical structure inside. Each strand is a polynucleotide, meaning the strand is made up of many individual units called nucleotides. A nucleotide has three components, the fiv...

In Biology, "double helix" is a term used to describe the structure of DNA. A DNA double helix consists of two spiral chains of deoxyribonucleic acid. The shape is similar to that of a spiral staircase. DNA is nucleic acid composed of nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine), a five carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and phosphate molecules. The nucleotide bases of DNA represent the stair steps of tyhe staircase, and the deoxyribose and phosphate molecules from the sides of the staircase. Why is DNA twisted? DNA is coiled into chromosomes and tightly packed in the nucleus of our cells. The twisting aspect of DNA is a result of interactions between the molecules that make up DNA and water (H2O). The nitrogenous base that comprise the steps of twisted staircase are held together by hydrogen bonds. Adenine is bonded with thymine (A-T) and guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C). These nitrogenous bases are hydrophobic, meaning that they lack an affinity for water...

A CURE FOR CANCER, WHICH IS 100% EFFECTIVE & COMING BY 2020 Cancer Cancer can be defined as group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Causes of Cancer Most gene mutations occur after you are born and aren't inherited. A number of forces can cause gene mutations, such as smoking, radiation, viruses, cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens), obesity, hormones, chronic inflammation and a lack of exercise.   Cure of Cancer? A medical breakthrough from Israel can effectively cure cancer, the deadly disease that kills millions of people around the world every year. A small team of Israeli scientists is claiming to have a developed a 100% cure like never before, which they expect to be available for cancer patients by early next year. The revolutionary cancer cure treatment us called MuTaTo, which is developed by Accelerated Evolution Biotechnologies Ltd. (AEBi). MuTaTo stands for multi-targe...

Is HIV AIDS CURABLE? H uman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects almost 36.9 million people on this planet. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 21.7 million people were receiving antiretroviral treatment by end of 2017. That is approximately 59% of people  living with HIV are receiving antiretroviral treatment in 2017. Over the years new medial treatments were developed to prolong the life of AIDS patients. Unlike years when sustaining the life of an HIV patient would be nearly possible, in today's generation these patients continue to live long and healthy lives. An HIV patient in LONDON has just given testimony to this fact as he has become the second known adult in the world to be cured of AIDS virus. The man who resides in Britain received a bone marrow transplant from an HIV resistant donor. This comes 12 years after an American man called Timothy Brown became the  first known person to have functional cure of HIV in Germany in 2007. He became kno...

KNOCK KNEES Knock knees are angular deformities at the knee, in which the head of deformity points inward. A standing child whose knees touch but whose knees touch but whose ankles do not is usually said to have knock knees. During childhood, knock knees are a stage in normal growth and development (physiologic vagus). Between birth and 18 months, an outward- turning(varus) alignment from hip to knee to ankle is normal. The alignment returns to neutral as the child grows. What causes knock knees? Knock knees are usually part of the normal growth and development of the lower extremities. Some cases, especially in a child who's 6 or older, may be a sign of an underlying bone disease, such as osteomalacia or rickets. Obesity can contribute to knock knees- or can cause gait(walking) problems that resemble, but aren't actually, knock knees. The condition can  occasionally result from an injury to the growth area of the shin bone(tibia), which may result in just one kno...