Thinking Fast and Slow

Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do is in Harmony.” Mahatma Gandhi. Why does it sometimes seem  so hard to be happy ? Yeah, I’ve also asked myself that many times. Maybe you, like me,  have reached the point where that famous “comfort zone” just isn’t enough anymore . It’s actually become an “uncomfortable comfort”. Or maybe, deep down, you just have that feeling that  there must be some way to feel better in life . If so …Kudos! to all you out there, who like me,  dare to question things, want to figure out how to be happy, or at least want to try!   Finding yourself here, reading this post, is a good sign  and means that you’re willing to change. Which is Awesome, because I’ve prepared  a few tips  that’ve already begun to help me (being happy is a day-to-day job). I’m sure that if you start practicing them,  being scientifically proven, you’ll get there too. 1- FIRST, CHOOSE TO BE HAPPY, ...

RECOGNIZING INVADERS Hello friends today we will continue from where we left last time. Let me now tell you about complement proteins. The complement system is made up of over 25 proteins and protein fragments, which assist the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism. They are normally produced by the liver cells and circulate as inactive precursors in the blood. When infection occurs, microbial products may activate, proteases in the system, which cleave specific proteins to release cytokines, and this amplifies a cascade of further cleavages. The end-result of this activation cascade is massive amplification of the response and activation of the membrane attack complex on the surface of the pathogen, which leads to killing of microbes. Here I show you an example of complement cascade activation by infection. In this system, complement proteins are inactive until they are cleaved by a protease, which in turn, conver...

Hello friends how you guys doing i hope everyone is fit and fine before writing today's blog which will be based on "how our immune system recognize the invaders" we will discuss about the legendary scientist who passed away the great STEPHEN HAWKING   ( 8 January 1942 –  14 March 2018 ) Stephen Hawking was diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis at the age of 21. *Stephen Hawking* Born on Galileo’s 300th death anniversary. Died on Einstein’s Birthday. Sthephen Hawking's life was a great inspiration REST IN PEACE! At last you can watch the glimpse of Stephen Hawking's life in the movie "The theory of Everything" Let's begin our today's topic which is.. RECOGNIZING INVADERS PART So, our immune system is very effective in getting rid of pathogens or other types of invaders. Then, how do we recognize such invaders? What kind of strategies does our immune system exploit to recognize them? Now, let us study the ba...

INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY Hello friends as we discussed in the last blog we will get detailed knowledge what actually is immune system in further blogs. Here is the link to our previous blog https://goo.gl/FssFgf .   Introduction: Inside our body, we have an amazing protection mechanism called the immune system, which is designed to defend us against millions of bacteria, viruses, fungi, toxins and parasites. However, this system is not perfect, and sometimes it fails. For instance, a germ can sometimes invade successfully, making us sick. Or, instead of getting rid of pathogens, our immune system may sometimes attack our own body components by mistake, if this happens in your joints, you may develop rheumatoid arthritis . Alternatively, our immune system may overreact to certain antigens such as pollens. If this happens in your respiratory tract, you may develop hay fever , which is one of the most common type of allergy in developed countries. One important thing ...

INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY Hello, I am Gajendra Choudhary , welcome to my new blog, The Immune System, New Developments in Research. Do you know how your own body protects you from viruses and other pathogens? Would you be surprised to hear that cancer may also be controlled by your immunity? Every day immunology research aims to understand the mysteries of our bodies and seeks out the seeds for medical application. This course introduces wide ranging content in general immunology fields from basic knowledge to front line research. In particular, I hope that from this course you gain necessary understanding of the new world of immunology, the world opened up by the illustrious immunologists of the past, and the unexplored mysteries that are yet to be explained by experiencing a part of the front line research currently in progress. In this series, we will be learning how the immune system works, in particular how the components of the immune system interact with each other, and...

One of my favourite  topic is PARKINSON'S disease. What is Parkinson's Disease? Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominately dopamine-producing (“dopaminergic”) neurons in a specific area of the brain called substantia nigra. Symptoms generally develop slowly over years. The progression of symptoms is often a bit different from one person to another due to the diversity of the disease. People with PD may experience: Tremor, mainly at rest and described as pill rolling tremor in hands. Other forms of tremor are possible Slowness of movements (bradykinesia) Limb rigidity Gait and balance problems The cause remains largely unknown. Although there is no cure, treatment options vary and include medications and surgery. While Parkinson’s itself is not fatal, disease complications can be serious. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) rated complications from PD as the 14th cause of death in the United States...

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Overview: Acetazolamide, the prototype Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, inhibits carbonic anhydrase and in doing so reduces renal bicarbonate resorption in the proximal tubule. This leads to a direct increase in urinary bicarbonate excretion and secondarily to mild increases in sodium and potassium excretion. Because of its mild effects on electrolytes acetazolamide is a largely safe drug with few adverse side effects but in consequence is rarely used for its diuretic capacity. Mechanism of action: Effects on Bicarbonate:  The pharmacological effects of acetazolamide are due to its inhibitory effect on carbonic anhydrase in the proximal tubule. As discussed in R enal Bicarbonate Excretion , luminal and intracellular pools of carbonic anhydrase in the proximal tubule are critical for resorbing filtered bicarbonate and thus administration of acetazolamide results in significant increases in renal bicarbonate excretion. Because bicarbona...